theory finds many adherents among modern liberal theologians. Proceeding from a view of sin as contempt of God, Abelard claimed that Christ’s death provides a compelling demonstration of God’s suffering with his creatures. The spectacle of Christ impaled on the cross causes people to recognize their selfishness, melts their stony hearts, and moves them to be reconciled to God. The sufferings of the innocent Christ on the cross stir sinners to love the One who so manifestly loves them. At bottom,